Your generator might have an unregulated DC output. As for the 48 volt measurement, that would be unusual for a GOOD battery. I suspect your battery is bad.
If you look up the part for the rectifier, is it described as a "rectifier" or a "regulator/rectifier"? If it's the former, most likely it's unregulated. If it does use a rectifier/regulator, note that most small engines use a "shunting" regulator. A shunting regulator shorts out the alternator output each time it exceeds the regulated voltage. Typically the alternator has a three-phase output, so this happens three times per engine revolution (maybe six times per rev, depending on the design). It takes a finite length of time for the solid state switches in the regulator to turn on, which would explain the spikes visible on your friend's scopemeter. You would not see them if the battery was good and you had a good connection to the battery.
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Today's Featured Article - The Niagra View Mobile - Powered by a 1959 Ford Tractor - by Mark Massey. In 1959 the Niagara Frontier Transit Inc. of Buffalo, New York designed and built six Viewmobiles for the Niagara Frontier Sightseeing Inc. for use as a sightseeing ride at the Niagara Falls State Park, Niagara Falls, New York, powered by a 1959 Ford 611 Tractor.
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