1 - Your gage wiring sounds right (at least I'd wire it up the same way you did...)
2 - If you disconnect the wire at the sender and turn on the ignition the gage should read "E". If it still pegs at "F", the wire between the gage and the sender has a short to ground.
3 - The gage sender works like a variable resistor exactly as you describe. You can quickly check the resistance of the sender with a multimeter. And the electrical manual for your machine should give the range of resistance readings (full and empty resistance) for a good sender. If you find the sender resistance is too low, it's time for a new sender!
4 - Most automotive gages are "voltage compensated". Ie the gage reading does not change with changes in system voltage. Typically a gage will remain accurate with system voltage anywhere between about 5 and 16 volts.
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Today's Featured Article - George's Fordson Major - by Anthony West (UK). This is a bit of a technical info to add on to the article about George's Major in the "A Towny Goes Plowing" article. George bought his Major from a an implement sale about 18 years ago for £200.00. There is no known history regarding its origins or what service it had done, but the following work was undertaken by Harold alone to bring it up to show standard. From the engine number, it was found that the major was produced late 19
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