I'm sure there are regional differences in the wording, but in my part of Minnesota, this is how fertilizer is put on:
Broadcast - spread all across the field.
Banded - put on in bands like behind a knife or coulter - often you can get by with less P and K in bands because the super rich band doesn't get absorbed by the soil so quickly, as the roots branch out they cross this band and pick up the nutrients they need from the rich band. Often this applies to P or K fertilizers.
Starter - this is a band put on with the planter, typically 2 inches to the side and 2 inches below the seed.
Popup - this is a low-salt liquid fertilizer put on in a low rate directly in the seed trench with the seed to pop it up and get it growing quickly.
Side Dress - put on fertilizer after the corn crop has come up, you put a more fertilizer (typically N) off to the side of the rows to dress it up...
In some cases, some soils, you end up using all those!!!
Side dress fert can be NH3 - the gas in big white tanks, you knife into the soil.
Or it can be liquid 28 or 32% N, which can be dribbled onto the ground but better to have a coulter & get it injected into the soil a little.
Or it can be granular put on, but this tends to burn the corn a bit and is better if you work it in the ground or apply _right_ before a rain. I think they have other types of granular that are more stable & don't need to be worked in; but they cost more.....
'Here' it was always NH3, also known as anhydrous amonia knifed in between the rows. But the last 10 years liquid - tho a bit more expensive - has become popular because it takes less hp to apply it.
But in these clay soils, most people apply most of the N in fall, not much sidedressing done any more.
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